Harvard Medical School researchers based at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute have identified a neural circuit mechanism involved in preserving the specificity of memories.
They also identified a genetic “switch” that can slow down memory generalization, the loss of specific details over time that occurs in both age-related memory impairment and in post-traumatic stress disorder, in which emotions originally produced by traumatic experiences are elicited in response to innocuous cues that have little resemblance to the traumatic memory.
A molecular “switch” can increase the number of contacts between dentate gyrus cells (green) and CA3 interneurons (red) in the hippocampus, which may improve memory precision in adulthood and aging. Image credit: Nannan Guo, Sahay Lab.
“The circuit mechanism we identified in mice allows us to preserve the precision or the details of memories over the passage of time in adult as well as aged animals,” said corresponding study author Amar Sahay, HMS associate professor of psychiatry at Mass General.
“These findings have implications for the generalization of traumatic memories in PTSD and for memory imprecision in aging,” he said.
Memories are generated in the seahorse-shaped brain structure called the hippocampus and stored in the prefrontal cortex at the front of the brain. Memory formation involves cells in a portion of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus, and memories are thought to be conveyed to the prefrontal cortex via subregions of the hippocampus.
The hippocampus is also believed to play a continuing role in the stabilization of memories in the cortex, maintaining the precise details that keep one memory from being confused with another and preventing issues ranging from not being able to remember dinner selections from a week ago to age-related memory problems.
Hyperactivity of this hippocampal circuitry has been observed in aged animals—rodents, nonhuman primates and humans—and alterations in hippocampal structure are seen in patients with PTSD.
Genetic Switch
The current study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that inhibitory signals passing from dentate gyrus cells (DGCs) to a specific hippocampal subregion help constrain hyperactivity and maintain the stability and precision of memories over time.
A key finding by Sahay’s team was identification of a protein called abLIM3—highly expressed in DGCs—that acts as a molecular brake on the inhibitory signals sent by DGCs.
Experimental manipulation of abLIM3 levels in DGCs in adult mice revealed that decreasing abLIM3 increased the delivery of inhibitory signals to hippocampal subregions. A series of experiments with mouse models showed that manipulation of abLIM3 levels within DGCs could slow down the process of memory generalization.
Using a classic behavioral conditioning protocol, the investigators first trained the animals to expect an unpleasant sensation, a mild but not painful foot shock, in a particular context, such as being placed into a box with dark walls.
Typically, when animals are placed in the same context later, they will “freeze” in expectation of the shock but do not react in a context not associated with the original shock, such as a box with light walls. But after two weeks, the memory will generalize and the animals will “freeze” when placed in any context, even one with little resemblance to that in which they received the foot shock.
In contrast, decreasing abLIM3 levels within DGCs maintained the specificity of the memory over time so that, even two weeks later, the mice would freeze only when placed into the foot-shock associated context.
The investigators also found that decreasing abLIM3 levels in aged mice reversed age-related alterations in this neural pathway and improved memory precision. A recent study by another group found significantly increased abLIM3 levels in the circulation of aged humans who are beginning to show signs of memory impairment.
“Our ability to improve memory precision in both adult and aged mice by essentially ‘flipping a genetic switch’ suggests that targeting abLIM3 expression in DGCs may lead to similar improvement in aged humans, a strategy we are actively pursuing,” Sahay said.
“Since overgeneralization of traumatic memories is a hallmark of PTSD, we are also keen to assess abLIM3 levels in patients with PTSD and investigate whether reducing abLIM3 expression could prevent the activation of traumatic memories,” he added.
Source: HMS