A single high dose of radiation aimed at the heart significantly reduces episodes of a potentially deadly rapid heart rhythm, according to results of a phase one/two study at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
Patients in the study were severely ill and had exhausted other standard treatment options. The radiation used to treat the irregular heart rhythm — called ventricular tachycardia — is the same type of therapy used to treat cancer.
Clifford Robinson, MD, (right) and Phillip Cuculich, MD, have developed a noninvasive radiation therapy approach to treating ventricular tachycardia, a deadly heart arrhythmia. Visual and electrical maps of the heart help direct a beam of radiation at the heart tissue triggering the heart to misfire. Image credit: Matt Miller/Washington University
The research will be reported at the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Annual Meeting in Chicago.
“Radiation therapy is a last line of defense for these patients, who are often too unwell to undergo additional traditional therapies to control heart arrhythmias,” said Clifford G. Robinson, MD, an associate professor of radiation oncology and of cardiology at Washington University. “It provides hope for patients with dangerous rhythms who have run out of options.”
In ventricular tachycardia (VT), the lower chambers of the heart beat exceedingly fast and fall out of sync with the upper chambers, interfering with blood flow and raising the risk of sudden cardiac death. Patients with VT typically are implanted with defibrillators that shock the heart back into a normal rhythm. In an effort to stop the episodes, patients often are treated with catheter ablation procedures, in which a catheter is inserted into the heart and used to create scars in the part of the damaged heart muscle that is causing the electrical signals to misfire. But catheter ablation is invasive, requires many hours under general anesthesia and often isn’t a permanent solution. The rapid heart rhythm returns in about half of such patients.
The new method is a noninvasive outpatient procedure that involves the use of electrocardiograms and computed tomography scans of a patient’s heart to locate the origin of the arrhythmia. The 3D visual and electrical maps of the heart then guide the noninvasive radiation therapy. Doctors can target the problem area of the heart with a single high-dose beam of radiation that often takes less than 10 minutes to administer and requires no anesthesia or hospitalization. The patient can go home right after treatment.
The phase one/two trial included 19 patients with ventricular tachycardia who had not responded to other therapies. In a study published in 2017 in The New England Journal of Medicine, the same research team reported a 90% reduction in episodes of tachycardia and improved survival in the six months after radiation therapy. Now, Robinson and his colleagues, including Washington University cardiologist Phillip S. Cuculich, MD, an associate professor of cardiology and of radiation oncology, report that the reduction in tachycardia episodes persists in about 80% of patients for at least two years following the single treatment. At one year after therapy, overall survival was 72%, and at two years, survival was 52%.
“These numbers are encouraging given the condition of the patients, who are too sick to undergo any more catheter ablation procedures,” Robinson said. “Given the relative novelty of this treatment approach, we are continuing to follow our patients closely.”
Of nine patient deaths, six were from cardiac causes, including heart failure and tachycardia recurrence, and three were from noncardiac causes, including an accident, amiodarone toxicity and pancreatic cancer. Two surviving patients experienced inflammation of the heart lining, a common side effect of this type of radiation therapy, and another developed a fistula between the stomach and the heart and needed surgery to repair it. All three of these adverse events occurred more than two years after therapy. Such side effects emphasize the importance of monitoring the patients for signs of cardiac injury, which is always a possibility following radiation therapy, according to Robinson.
Despite the severe adverse events, the researchers said they are to be expected when considering how ill these patients are. They emphasized that radiation therapy is the last option and only should be pursued when all other strategies have been exhausted. For such patients, the study suggests their tachycardia is likely to improve, leading to a reduced need for medications with adverse side effects and to an improved quality of life, at least over the first two years following treatment.