Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have studied the incidence and regional distribution of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in the brains of people with Down’s syndrome. The results can bring new possibilities for earlier diagnosis and preventive treatment of dementia. The study is published in Molecular Neurodegeneration.
While medical advances and improvements of life quality have increased the life expectancy of people with Down’s syndrome to an average of 60 years, up to 90 per cent develop Alzheimer’s disease if they live long enough.
Left: Image of tau tangles produced by a new PET tracer for tau in hippocampus tissue from the brain of a deceased individual with Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. The colour scale indicates the intensity of tau accumulation, from red (high) to green (low). Right: The tau protein is important for normal nerve cell function but in Alzheimer’s disease, the long strands of tau become tangled and prevent the cell from functioning normally. When this happens, nerve cells will die.
In Alzheimer’s disease, clumps of amyloid from plaques around the neurons of the brain, while another protein, tau, accumulates inside the nerve cells in what is referred to as tangles. Plaque and tangles appear first in one region of the brain and then spread, causing gradually deteriorating functional impairment.
Tau and Down’s syndrome
People with Down’s syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21. One reason for the high incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in people with Down’s syndrome is that the gene coding for the production of amyloid is located on chromosome 21, which can cause an accumulation of amyloid in the brain already in childhood.
“Previous studies of Down’s syndrome by our group and others have been able to demonstrate that pathological forms of amyloid and tau can appear years before someone shows signs of dementia,” says Lotta Granholm, professor at Karolinska Institutet and the University of Denver, and one of the paper’s principal authors.
In the current study, the researchers studied the extent and distribution of tau and amyloid in the brain tissue of people with Down’s syndrome with or without an Alzheimer’s diagnosis, and of people who had died with Alzheimer’s disease but without any other functional disability.
Their analyses showed that the incidence of tau in the brain tissue of people with Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease was higher than in people with Alzheimer’s but without Down’s syndrome, suggesting that tau is an early change in Down’s syndrome.
“Apart from a high level of tau, we also measured a different regional distribution of tau in the brains of people with Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease compared to the control group,” says the paper’s first author Laetitia Lemoine, assistant professor at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet.
Prophylactic treatments
Traces of tau were also detected in the brain tissue of fetuses with Down’s syndrome. Early prophylactic measures against tau accumulation could prevent the development of Alzheimer pathology in childhood for this patient group, the researchers believe.
“Our studies support the need for continued research on the progress and incidence of amyloid plaque and tau in the brain by imaging the brains of live individuals with Down’s syndrome,” says Agneta Nordberg, professor at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, and the paper’s second principal author. “Our aim is a better understanding of how we can take early steps to discover pathological changes that produce cognitive symptoms and begin medication that helps to improve life quality.”
Source: Karolinska Institutet