As dementia research is accelerated, more published papers are offering new insights into the condition that impairs memory loss and judgment. Below is a roundup of three recent studies involving UW Medicine researchers. Each included a cohort of volunteers in the Adult Changes in Thought research program at Kaiser Permanente Washington.
Dementia risk and hearing: The Lancet Commission’s 2020 report suggests that hearing may be especially important to study in terms of dementia risk. A study published in JAMA Otorhinolaryngology suggests that central auditory processing – or how the brain processes sound – could provide further insight.
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In an observational study of 280 older adults without dementia, researchers found that people who performed at intermediate and poor levels on dichotic tests (both ears) were at substantially increased risk of developing dementia. Dichotic tests measure some aspect of central auditory processing.
Sound perception can be tested with standard audiology testing, where beeps at different frequencies are presented at different volumes to determine thresholds for sound perception. Once speech has been perceived, it needs to be transformed by the brain into language.
This study administered two types of hearing evaluations: the standard audiology threshold tests as well as dichotic tests.
In one of the dichotic tests, noise is presented to one ear and a number is presented to the other ear; the participant is asked to say the name of the number. Dichotic tests assess the brain’s ability to manage competing auditory signals and to isolate speech against a background of noise.
“The outcome of our publication is a step in the right direction to better understanding risks for Alzheimer's disease and improving our ability to detect early signs of neurodegenerative disease,” said lead author Adeeb Mohammed, a UW undergraduate in neuroscience and biochemistry..
Co-senior author Paul Crane, professor of medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine and principal investigator of the Adult Changes in Thought research program at the UW, said this study suggests that further research on the relationship between hearing and dementia risk should consider adding dichotic tests as part of the measurement..
“Hearing is more complicated than you think,” he said.
An important underlying scientific question is what aspect of hearing loss is associated with dementia, said co-senior author Eric Larson, the principal investigator of the Adult Changes in Thought research program at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute.
Larson said George Gates, professor emeritus of otolaryngology at UW Medicine, was a pioneer in the early research linking dementia to a decline in central auditory processing in midlife.
“This paper is testament to his work,” he said.
Military service and dementia: As the number of U.S. veterans over age 65 has grown, researchers want to know whether military service is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline.
In a study published in Military Medicine, researchers studied 4,370 participants and found no such link. Researchers classified persons as having military employment if their first or second-longest occupation was with the military. Of the participants, 6% had military employment; of these, 76% were males.
“While our study suggests no overall increase in risk for those with military employment, we still need to better understand how specific experiences that are unique to our veterans may impact risk of cognitive decline and dementia,” said lead author Dr. Melinda Power, associate professor of epidemiology at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health.
She said veterans can benefit from the same advice given to the general population – stay active, eat well, and actively manage your chronic conditions.
“Heart health is especially important, as what’s good for your heart appears to be good for your brain,” Power said.
Co-authors from UW Medicine: Eric Larson, Department of Medicine and Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute; Paul Crane, Department of Medicine, Laura Gibbons, Department of Medicine.
Funder: Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Alzheimer’s Research Program, award number W81XWH-17-1-0330.
Dementia timely diagnosis: What kind of people have access to a timely diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment?
In an observational study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, researchers looked at 4,760 participants with dementia and 1,864 participants with mild cognitive impairment. They found that only 26% of people with dementia and just 11.4% of people with mild cognitive impairment received a timely diagnosis
Non-Hispanic Black respondents and respondents with less than a college degree were significantly less likely to receive a timely diagnosis than non-Hispanic white respondents with a college degree. Respondents who lived alone were also less likely to receive a timely diagnosis of dementia, though not mild cognitive impairment. Diagnosis of both conditions increased over time.
Researchers concluded that targeting resources for timely diagnosis of cognitive impairment to individuals from racial and ethnic minorities or lower educational attainment, and those living alone, may improve detection and reduce disparities in obtaining timely diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment.
Source: University of Washington