Cells are much more precise in how they ingest substances than previously thought, new research finds, opening the door to potential treatments for several diseases.
Image credit: Mahmoud-Ahmed via Pixabay, free licence
“Structural Basis of an Endocytic Checkpoint That Primes the AP2 Clathrin Adaptor for Cargo Internalization,” published in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, sheds light on endocytosis – the intake of external molecules.
Every cell in the human body relies on endocytosis to survive. However, how cells collect external cargo for this intake process has not been well understood.
To visualize exactly what was taking place at the cell membrane, doctoral student Edward Partlow and Gunther Hollopeter, assistant professor in the Department of Molecular Medicine, teamed up with Kevin Cannon and Richard Baker at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, who specialize incryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) – a technique that uses electrons to capture images of things on a molecular scale.
Previously, the Hollopeter group unveiled a molecular mechanism for endocytosis: A protein called muniscin binds to, and then acts as an on-switch for another protein called AP2, which then specifies where cargo will be internalized. Switched on, AP2 is drawn into bubble-like compartments, known as vesicles, and brings the cargo into the cell.
However, Partlow and Hollopeter realized their hypothesis was incomplete. Muniscins do not follow AP2 into the vesicle. “That means that AP2 must somehow remain ‘on’ without the muniscin,” Partlow said. Moreover, his initial biochemical experiments suggested that muniscin-bound AP2 was not actually in an ‘on’ state. “At this time, we only knew AP2 was in some new state,” Partlow said, “but didn’t know what that state was.”
What they found using cryo-EM surprised them all: Muniscins induced a never-seen-before state in AP2 – something between off and on – a ‘primed’ state. When Partlow added cargo to the system, the AP2 ditched the muniscin and adopted a full ‘on’ state. “This new primed state of AP2 appears to be acting as a checkpoint to ensure only cargo-bound complexes are allowed to enter a vesicle,” Hollopeter said.
Partlow used an analogy of people coming to see a show at theater. “The muniscin is like the theater staff, checking if patrons, or AP2, have a ‘ticket’ – that is, the cargo,” he says. “The muniscin binds the AP2 that doesn’t have a ticket, blocking the AP2 from entering ‘theater,’ or vesicle, but once AP2 gets a ticket, it’s allowed to enter.”
Once cargo binds AP2, the muniscin separates and is ready to begin again, recruiting new AP2 proteins to prepare for new extra-cellular cargo.
This finding upends a long-held assumption that cells only regulate exocytosis, the release of internal cargo, but have endocytosis running on zombie-like autopilot. “The discovery of primed AP2 is exciting because it means that endocytosis also has control levers,” Hollopeter said. These levers help the cell ensure that high-priority cargos are quickly and efficiently internalized.
The researchers hope to delve deeper into the consequences of priming in cells, and how other proteins might interact with primed AP2. As they continue this foundational work, it could lead to new therapies for conditions where endocytosis is hijacked, including cancer, high cholesterol and viral diseases.
“We hope this newfound checkpoint could be exploited in the treatment of these diseases,” Partlow said.
Source: Cornell University