Studying mice, scientists at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified a neural circuit and a neuropeptide — a chemical messenger that carries signals between nerve cells — that transmit the sensation known as a pleasant touch from the skin to the brain.
Such touch — delivered by hugs, holding hands, or caressing — triggers a psychological boost known to be essential to emotional well-being and healthy development. Identifying the neuropeptide and circuit that direct the sensation of pleasant touch eventually may help scientists better understand and treat disorders characterized by touch avoidance and impaired social development, including autism spectrum disorder.
Mice engage in grooming behavior, experiencing a phenomenon researchers call pleasant to touch. Researchers from the Washington University Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders have identified a specific neuropeptide and a neural circuit that transmit pleasant touch from the skin to the brain. The findings eventually may help scientists better understand and treat disorders characterized by touch avoidance and impaired social development. Image credit: Chen Lab/School of Medicine
The study is published in the journal Science.
“Pleasant touch sensation is very important in all mammals,” said principal investigator Zhou-Feng Chen, director of the Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders at Washington University. “A major way babies are nurtured is through touch. Holding the hand of a dying person is a very powerful, comforting force. Animals groom each other. People hug and shake hands. Massage therapy reduces pain and stress and can provide benefits for patients with psychiatric disorders. We have identified a key neuropeptide and a hard-wired neural pathway dedicated to this sensation.”
Chen’s team found that when they bred mice without the neuropeptide, called prokinecticin 2 (PROK2), such mice could not sense pleasant touch signals but continued to react generally to itchy and other stimuli.
“This is important because now that we know which neuropeptide and receptor transmit only pleasant touch sensations, it may be possible to enhance pleasant touch signals without interfering with other circuits, which is crucial because pleasant touch boosts several hormones in the brain that are essential for social interactions and mental health,” he explained.
Among other findings, Chen’s team discovered that mice engineered to lack PROK2 or the spinal cord neural circuit expressing its receptor (PROKR2) also avoided activities such as grooming and exhibited signs of stress not seen in normal mice. The researchers also found that mice lacking pleasant touch sensation from birth had more severe stress responses and exhibited more excellent social avoidance behavior than mice whose pleasant touch response was blocked in adulthood. Chen said that finding underscores the importance of maternal touch in offspring development.
“Mothers like to lick their pups, and adult mice also groom each other frequently, for good reasons, such as helping emotional bonding, sleep, and stress relief,” he said. “But these mice avoid it. Even when their cagemates try to groom them, they pull away. They don’t groom other mice either. They are withdrawn and isolated.”
Scientists typically divide the sense of touch into two parts: discriminative touch and affective touch. Discriminative touch allows the one being touched to detect that touch and identify its location and force. Affective, pleasant, or aversive, touch attaches an emotional value to that touch.
Studying pleasant touch in people is easy because a person can tell a researcher how a specific type of touch feels. On the other hand, Mice can’t do that, so the research team had to figure out how to get mice to allow themselves to be touched.
“If an animal doesn’t know you, it usually pulls away from any sort of touch because it can view it as a threat,” said Chen, the Russell D. and Mary B. Shelden Professor in Anesthesiology and a professor of psychiatry, medicine, and of developmental biology. “Our difficult task was to design experiments that helped move past the animals’ instinctual avoidance of touch.”
To get the mice to cooperate — and to learn whether they experienced touching as pleasant — the researchers kept mice apart from cagemates for a time, after which the animals were more amenable to being stroked with a soft brush, similar to pets being petted and groomed. After several days of such brushing, the mice were placed in an environment with two chambers. In one chamber the animals were brushed. In the other chamber, there was no stimulus of any kind. When given a choice, the mice went to the chamber where they would be brushed.
Next, Chen’s team began working to identify the neuropeptides activated by pleasant brushing. They found that PROK2 in sensory neurons and PROKR2 in the spinal cord transmitted pleasant touch signals to the brain.
In further experiments, they found that the neuropeptide they had homed in on wasn’t involved in transmitting other sensory signals, such as itch. Chen, whose laboratory was the first to identify a similar, dedicated pathway for the itch, said an entirely different, reliable network transmits pleasant touch sensation.
“Just as we have itch-specific cells and peptides, we now have identified pleasant touch-specific neurons and a peptide to transmit those signals,” he said.