Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition that damages a person's ability to think, remember, and perform basic functions. According to the National Institutes of Health, Alzheimer's affects more than 6 million Americans, mostly ages 65 and older. Though the neurological damage from the disease is irreversible, early detection and intervention have been shown to slow its progression.
Before the onset of Alzheimer's physical symptoms, the most commonly used method to measure an individual's risk of developing the disease is to measure levels of certain proteins, such as amyloid beta and tau proteins, in spinal fluid. This test is invasive, painful, and expensive.
Now, a team from Caltech and the Huntington Medical Research Institutes have made progress toward developing a simple behavioral test to measure an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's before any symptoms arise.
The research was conducted in the laboratory of Shinsuke Shimojo, Gertrude Baltimore Professor of Experimental Psychology. A paper describing the findings appears in the Alzheimer's & Dementia journal. Shimojo is an affiliated faculty member with the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience at Caltech.
“Early detection of Alzheimer's disease is important to take interventions that can slow the progression of the disease,” says the study's first author Shao-Min Sean Hung, formerly a postdoctoral scholar in the Shimojo laboratory and now an assistant professor at Waseda University in Japan. “Before the onset of the disease, by definition, cognitively healthy people do not have behavioral symptoms—and thus it's not possible to do traditional behavioral assessments for the disease because there are no behavioral symptoms yet. We're trying to develop a test to detect behavioral abnormalities long before any onset of symptoms and in a less invasive way than measuring spinal fluid.”
The study involved 40 people with an average age of 75 and all cognitively healthy, who underwent myriad tests related to Alzheimer's risk: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, genome sequencing, and the aforementioned invasive spinal fluid measurements. From these biological markers, individuals could be categorized as high risk or low risk. The researchers aimed to develop a behavioral test whose results would correlate with these biological measurements.
The team developed a task in which a participant undergoes a so-called Stroop Paradigm test. In this common test, a person is shown a word—the name of a color—displayed in colored ink. However, the word itself does not necessarily match the color of the printed word—for example, the word “RED” is printed in the color green. In each iteration of the task, the participant is asked to name either the color of the word or the word itself. Compared to naming the word itself, naming the color of the text is considered “high effort”—it is more challenging than it might seem. (You can try it yourself below.)
In this study, the researchers also added a hidden element to the Stroop Paradigm. Right before the actual target is shown, a colorless word is flashed rapidly on the screen—so rapidly that a participant cannot detect it consciously.
The colorless word is intended to distract the participant and measure “implicit cognition unconsciously.” In addition to conscious and intentional information gathering or “explicit cognition,” our brains have a separate system in which sensory information is digested without conscious awareness—this is known as implicit cognition.
“The participants in our study are cognitively healthy at the explicit level, and we measure this through a battery of neuropsychological tests,” says Hung. “But this study's central question is: How about their implicit cognition? Could it be possible that their implicit cognition is more sensitive to show Alzheimer's-related cognitive decline? The study tested the hypothesis that high-risk and low-risk, healthy participants would be distracted differently by an unseen word.”
The study was double-blinded, so neither the participants nor the researchers knew anything about the participants' biological data prior to the data analysis.
The test showed that the individuals with high-risk biological factors slowed down by about 4 percent on the Stroop test when an unconscious and inconsistent word was flashed. This suggests, Hung says, that the conditions that lead to Alzheimer's may affect implicit cognition far before conscious cognition, and thus a test to measure implicit cognitive performance may be able to detect a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease without the need for invasive physical measurements.
The researchers emphasize that this test is not diagnostic yet—that is, this particular test cannot measure an individual's risk for Alzheimer's but simply shows a correlation between the group of high-risk individuals and worse performance on the test when an unconscious distracting word is present. The next steps are to combine the test with other noninvasive physical measurements, such as heart rate and other neurophysiological markers, to make it more predictive.
Written by Lori Dajose
Source: Caltech