According to the Norwegian Cancer Society, the results of tissue biopsies, which carry the information about the presence or absence of cancer, normally take between three to four weeks to come through. This is among the most difficult waiting times that we ever experience.
However, in a few years, this waiting will be a thing of the past, thanks to new light-based technology and computers equipped with artificial intelligence.
Long waiting times
Today, much of diagnostics relies on a resource in short supply – specialists who undertake manual examinations of either the patient or tissue samples.
This is why waiting times are often so long. Weeks or months can seem like years when you feel there may be something wrong.
Many people seek help from the private sector, where waiting times are shorter, but the cost of treatment very high. If you live in a low-income country, you may have no access to diagnostics.
Light – combined with artificial intelligence
In response to this, we at SINTEF have joined forces with colleagues from the universities of Southern Denmark and Oulu in Finland and have succeeded in breaking new ground in this field. We are attempting to improve cancer diagnostics by utilising the invisible properties of light, combined with artificial intelligence.
Diagnostics is about more than just chemistry (blood test analyses), electrical signals (ECG), ultrasound and X-ray radiographs. When reflected from our tissues, the same sunlight that warms us on a summer’s day can tell us a lot about our health.
A simple example are the bruises we get after a fall. Our skin changes colour and this is easy to see. To diagnose cancer, on the other hand, tissue samples have to be treated chemically (stained) to colour them before their biological characteristics can be studied. Only then is it possible for a specialist, using a microscope, to see whether cancer has developed in the tissue.
However, the reflected light from tissue samples also contains information that our eyes cannot see. A lot of research is currently being carried out to evaluate exactly what the invisible properties of light reflected from our skin, eyes, and indeed the brain, can tell us about our health.
Oscillating in all directions
Some of this invisible information is contained in the way the light oscillates. While ocean waves move the seawater up and down, light waves oscillate in all directions – sideways and obliquely. We can see something of this oscillation when we send waves along a skipping rope.
But our eyes cannot distinguish between all the multiple oscillation directions contained in what we call ‘polarised’ light. However, this is exactly what we are focusing on. The light we are studying can be compared to the journey of a ray of sunlight on its way to planet Earth.
Sunlight changes its oscillation direction, or polarisation, when it becomes scattered by small molecules or particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. This scattering makes the sky look blue (Rayleigh scattering). However, when the light encounters larger particles, such as the water droplets in mist, the colour becomes more diffuse when viewed from a distance. This is called Mie scattering.
Light is scattered in the cells of our bodies in the same way.
Opportunities for more rapid cancer diagnoses
In simple terms, we obtain Rayleigh scattering from light that encounters the cores of healthy cells, but for the most part Mie scattering from cancer cells. Automating the measurement of reflected light from tissue samples thus offers us the opportunity to perform more rapid cancer diagnoses.
This requires that we utilise all the information that the light has to offer. However, obtaining detailed information about the polarisation of reflected light in every pixel rapidly involves much too large data, even for highly trained specialists.
On the other hand, computers can deal with such large volumes of data. The application of machine learning, which is a branch of artificial intelligence, enables computers to see patterns that we cannot. So, by combining large volumes of data, analysed by machine learning, we will hopefully be able to make more accurate diagnoses.
Boosting successful diagnoses
For some this may sound like pie in the sky, but machines are beginning to make their mark in the field of medical diagnostics.
A study published by Google Research in the USA revealed that 92 per cent of the tumours presented in a selection of standard microscope images of tissue samples were correctly diagnosed by artificial intelligence. In contrast, only 73 per cent were identified by pathologists.
We believe that the success rate exhibited by artificial intelligence can be increased further with the application of new, light-based assessment methods, such as those involving the inclusion of measurements of changes in oscillation direction as light enters the tissue.
Rapid and sensitive instrument
A collaborative European research project headed by SINTEF is currently addressing this issue. We are developing a compact, rapid and sensitive instrument designed to examine tissue samples using polarised light to use machine learning to determine the presence or absence of cancer.
The project aims to develop equipment that hospital staff and general practitioners can use after some basic training. The entire system will be based on the use of ground-breaking nanoscale surfaces, also known as metasurfaces. These are measured in millionths of millimetres and exhibit three-dimensional ‘patterns’ in the form of blocks or cylindrical columns. This approach offers us new ways of controlling the polarisation of the light we use.
Microscopic movable surfaces
At SINTEF, together with our colleagues from the University of Southern Denmark, we have discovered new ways of making such surfaces movable. This enables us to change the polarisation of light during the process, and in doing so provide more information to the algorithms whose function it is to determine the presence of cancer in the tissue.
The project is building on a promising test system previously developed by our colleagues at the University of Oulu. The work is being carried out under contract for ATTRACT, which is a joint collaborative project involving leading European research organisations, including CERN, focusing of the development of epochal new technology.
We are hoping that this solution will provide us with a two-fold benefit. Firstly, a simple and rapid diagnostic tool that general practitioners can use, and secondly, an instrument that offers cancer examinations to people in low-income countries who currently have no access to a diagnostic process.
Source: Sintef