You know you have a skeleton, but did you know that your cells have skeletons, too? Cellular skeletons, or cytoskeletons, are shapeshifting networks of tiny protein filaments, enabling cells to propel themselves, carry cargo, and divide. Now, an interdisciplinary team of Caltech researchers has designed a way to study and manipulate the cytoskeleton in test tubes in the lab.
Image credit: Caltech
Understanding how cells control movement could one day lead to tiny, bioinspired robots for therapeutic applications. The work also contributes to the development of new tools for manipulating fluids on very small scales relevant to molecular biology and chemistry.
The work is described in a paper appearing in the issue of the journal Nature.
The building blocks of the cellular cytoskeleton are thin, tube-like filaments called microtubules that can form together into three-dimensional scaffolds. Each microtubule is 1,000 times thinner than a human hair and only about 10 micrometers long (about 1,000 times smaller than a common black ant). Along with motor proteins that power movement, these incredibly small structures combine to propel the relatively large cell—like ants steering and powering a car.
Originally taken by David Rogers at Vanderbilt University, this movie shows an immune cell chasing a bacterium. Cells like these use shape-shifting skeletons to move around. Image credit: Vanderbilt University
In previous studies, researchers have taken these molecules out of the cell and put them into test tubes, where the tubules and motor proteins spontaneously group together to organize themselves into star-shaped structures called asters. How asters in a test tube are related to a cytoskeleton powering cell movement, however, is still unclear. Moreover, the collective microtubule organization demonstrated by aster formation involves interacting forces that are not entirely understood.
“What we wanted to know was: how do you get from these spontaneously forming aster structures in the lab, to a cell controlling its movement? And, how can we control these molecules the way a cell does?” says graduate student Tyler Ross, first author on the study.
Led by Ross, a team of Caltech researchers explored how to manipulate the component filaments and motor proteins outside of the cell's natural environment. In test tubes, they linked motor proteins to light-activated proteins that are naturally found in plants, so that the tubules would only organize into asters when light was shining on them. In this way, the researchers could control when and where asters would form by projecting different patterns of light, enabling them to develop theories about the physical mechanisms underlying aster formation.
Two asters (white) form and are guided together with beams of light (dark yellow). Image credit: Caltech
Controlling the asters not only allowed for the study of their formation but also enabled the team to build things out of the structures. Ross developed simple procedures of light patterns to place, move, and merge asters of various sizes. The technique offers a way to manipulate structures and study fluid dynamics at a miniscule length scale that is usually difficult to work at; fluids exhibit tricky behaviors at such small volumes.
“Generally, it's really difficult to manipulate fluids and structures on this length scale. But this is the scale that we're most interested in for studying cells and chemistry; all of molecular biology works on this scale,” says Ross. “Our light-based system allows us to dynamically manipulate our system. We could look through a microscope and say, ‘Okay we have enough over here, let's start routing things over there,’ and change the light pattern accordingly. We could use aster structures in such a way that they could stir and mix solutions at very small length scales.”
This video illustrates how the formation of asters (white) can excite very small-scale fluid flows (black). Normally, fluids on these small scales are difficult to manipulate and characterize. Image credit: Caltech