Studying drug effects on human muscles just got easier thanks to a new “muscle-on-a-chip,” developed by a team of researchers from Penn’s School of Engineering and Applied Science and Inha University in Incheon, Korea.
Muscle tissue is essential to almost all of the body’s organs, however, diseases such as cancer and diabetes can cause muscle tissue degradation or “wasting,” severely decreasing organ function and quality of life. Traditional drug testing for treatment and prevention of muscle wasting is limited through animal studies, which do not capture the complexity of human physiology, and human clinical trials, which are too time-consuming to help current patients.
Bioengineering’s Dan Huh and colleagues have developed a number of organ-on-a-chip devices to simulate how human cells grow and perform in their natural environments. Their latest is a muscle-on-a-chip, which carefully captures the directionality of muscle cells as they anchor themselves within the body. See the full infographic at the bottom of this story. Illustration by Melissa Pappas
An “organ-on-a-chip” approach can solve these problems. By growing real human cells within microfabricated devices, an organ-on-a-chip provides a way for scientists to study replicas of human organs outside of the body.
Using their new muscle-on-a-chip, the researchers can safely run muscle injury experiments on human tissue, test targeted cancer drugs and supplements, and determine the best preventative treatment for muscle wasting.
This research was published in Science Advances and was led by Dan Huh, Associate Professor in the Department of Bioengineering, and Mark Mondrinos, then a postdoctoral researcher in Huh’s lab and currently an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Tulane University. Their co-authors included Cassidy Blundell and Jeongyun Seo, former Ph.D. students in the Huh lab, Alex Yi and Matthew Osborn, then research technicians in the Huh lab, and Vivek Shenoy, Eduardo D. Glandt President’s Distinguished Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Lab members Farid Alisafaei and Hossein Ahmadzadeh also contributed to the research. The team collaborated with Insu Lee and professors Sun Min Kim and Tae-Joon Jeon of Inha University.
In order to conduct meaningful drug testing with their devices, the research team needed to ensure that cultured structures within the muscle-on-a-chip were as close to the real human tissue as possible. Critically, they needed to capture muscle’s “anisotropic,” or directionally aligned, shape.
“In the human body, muscle cells adhere to specific anchor points due to their location next to ligament tissue, bones or other muscle tissue,” Huh says. “What’s interesting is that this physical constraint at the boundary of the tissue is what sculpts the shape of muscle. During embryonic development, muscle cells pull at these anchors and stretch in the spaces in between, similar to a tent being held up by its poles and anchored down by the stakes. As a result, the muscle tissue extends linearly and aligns between the anchoring points, acquiring its characteristic shape.”
The team mimicked this design using a microfabricated chip that enabled similar anchoring of human muscle cells, sculpting three-dimensional tissue constructs that resembled real human skeletal muscle.
“Using the chip in conjunction with a computational model, we found that when mechanical stress was generated in opposing directions during the sculpting of muscle tissue, the contractility, or the ability of a cell to contract, increased in the direction it was being pulled. This caused the alignment and stiffening of the extracellular matrix in that direction, which then signaled the cells to further increase their contractility,” says Huh. “Creating the 3D muscle tissue on the chip was key in discovering this new feedback mechanism.”
The muscle chip was used for studying more than just the size, shape and strength of the cultured muscle cells; it allowed the team to investigate how naturally occurring mechanical forces during muscle development affect the differentiation of stem cells into muscle cells. To find out, the team cultured mesenchymal stem cells, a specialized cell type that can turn into a variety of tissues such as muscles, fat, tendons and bones.
“We asked whether our chip could be used to study how nonuniform mechanical stress in anisotropic tissues, like muscles and tendons, affects stem cell differentiation during development,” Huh says. “So, we cultured mesenchymal stem cells in our device with soluble factors known to promote muscle differentiation. Then we examined how the biochemically induced cell differentiation was affected by the mechanical environment of this anisotropically developing tissue.”
The team found that the anisotropic design of the muscle tissue on the chip did affect mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and produced more than three times as many muscle cells as the control group where the stem cells were cultured in an isotropic hydrogel. This highlighted the value of their system for studying how mechanics contribute to the morphogenesis and the development of anisotropic tissues in the human body.
The success in the anisotropic design meant that the team could run experiments on induced muscle degradation and preventative drug therapies. To demonstrate the proof of concept, they first used a chemical to induce acute injury of engineered skeletal muscle tissues in their chip. This model was then used to test the efficacy of PARP enzyme inhibitors, drugs that treat skeletal muscle injury, as well as a vitamin A derivative and an omega-3 fatty acid, dietary supplements that combat oxidative injury.
“Diseases like diabetes, obesity and cancer can cause oxidative injury,” says Huh. “Essentially, the muscle tissue breaks down due to an increase in toxic reactive oxygen species, or ROS, which triggers skeletal muscle cellular death and inflammation.”
Separate samples of the engineered muscle tissue were exposed to two PARP enzyme-inhibiting drugs, Olaparib and Velaparib, while other samples were exposed to a combination of a vitamin A derivative and an omega-3 fatty acid. After 24 hours of exposure to the preventative substances, the samples were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress.
“We found that the PARP inhibitor, Olaparib, preserved cellular function by 80 percent, but that, more interestingly, the combination of vitamin A and omega-3 preserved cellular function of the muscle tissue equivalent to that of the uninjured tissue, highlighting the benefits of dietary supplements,” says Huh.
The next phase of the study was geared towards modeling cancer cachexia, a systemic wasting disorder characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle tissue that affects between 50 to 80 percent of cancer patients and contributes to 20 percent of cancer fatalities. Because cancer cachexia is most common in patients with drug-resistant tumors, the team only focused on those in their study.
“Our first goal in this work was to build an advanced in vitro system that would include physiological human skeletal muscle interacting with drug-resistant tumors. To this end, we first exposed cultured lung cancer cells to cisplatin, a common chemotherapy drug,” says Huh. “We then used the tumor cells that survived the drug treatment to form three-dimensional tumor spheroids and put them into a modified version of our muscle-on-a-chip system.
Illustration by Melissa Pappas
“Interestingly, the tumours spontaneously induced oxidative and inflammatory injury of the muscle tissue and decreased its metabolic capacity, similar to what happens during muscle wasting in cancer patients,” continues Huh. “Our data also showed that pre-treatment of the cultures with the combination of vitamin A and omega-3 had protective effects, suggesting the potential benefits of these dietary supplements as preventative measures against cancer cachexia.”
The muscle-on-a-chip in this study proved to be capable of more than just accurately representing the anisotropic nature of the human body. It also showed how drugs and vitamins could prevent muscle wasting. Future research from this team will expand this drug testing on other fabricated organs and their work will continue to improve the three-dimensionality of their organ-on-a-chip design.
“Our muscle-on-a-chip is another great example of how organ-on-a-chip technology can advance our ability to reverse-engineer the salient features of complex human physiological systems in reduced experimental model systems. Much work remains to be done to make these micro-engineered models more realistic and physiologically relevant, but it is truly exciting to think about their potential to transform the way we emulate the complexity of the human body and predict its responses to drugs, chemicals and environmental toxins,” says Huh. “We believe that continued advances in this technology will also make great contributions to reducing animal testing and developing better, personalized therapeutic approaches in the future.”
Source: University of Pennsylvania